Table of Contents

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 The Fiber Optic Revolution
1.2 Basic Transmission
1.3 Advantages and Disadvantages
1.4 Applications

2 PROPERTIES OF LIGHT

2.1 Electromagnetic Spectrum
2.2 Light Propagation

3 OPTICAL FIBER

3.1 Optical Fiber Composition
3.2 Light Transmission in a Fiber
3.3 Multimode Fiber
3.4 Single Mode Fiber
3.5 Optical Power Loss (Attenuation)
3.6 Fiber Bandwidth
3.7 Soliton Transmission
3.8 Optical Fiber Specification: An Example

4 FIBER OPTIC CABLES

4.1 Outdoor Cables
4.1.1 Loose Tube Cable
4.1.2 Figure 8 Cable
4.1.3 Armored Cable
4.1.4 Ribbon Cable
4.2 Indoor Cables
4.2.1 Tight-Buffered Cable
4.2.2 Fan-out Cable
4.2.3 Fiber Optic Patch Cords (Jumpers)
4.3 Other Cables
4.3.1 Self-supporting Aerial Cable
4.3.2 Submarine Cable
4.3.3 Optical Ground Wire (OPGW)
4.4 Cable Fire Rating
4.5 Cable Composition
4.6 Cable Crush Performance Standard
4.7 Fiber Optic Cable Specification: An Example

5 CABLE PROCUREMENT

6 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

7 HANDLING FIBER OPTIC CABLE

8 OUTDOOR FIBER OPTIC CABLE INSTALLATION

8.1 Buried Cable Installation
8.2 Cable Ducts
8.3 Duct Lubricant
8.4 Pulling Tape
8.5 Cable Installation in Ducts
8.6 Aerial Installation

9 INDOOR CABLE INSTALLATION

9.1 Conduits and Cable Trays
9.2 Pull Boxes
9.3 Vertical Installations
9.4 Building Routes
9.5 General Cable Installation Procedure

10 FIBER OPTIC CABLE GENERAL INSTALLATION GUIDELINE

11 SPLICING AND TERMINATION

11.1 Splice Enclosures
11.2 Splice Trays
11.3 Patch Panels
11.4 Splicing
11.5 Optical Fiber Termination
11.6 Fiber Optic Cable Termination

12 PATCH CORDS AND CONNECTORS

12.1 Patch Cords and Pigtails
12.2 Legacy Connectors
12.3 New Small Form Factor Connectors (SFF)
12.4 Cleaning Connectors

13 POWER METER TEST PROCEDURE

13.1 The Decibel (dB)
13.2 Test Equipment
13.3 Patch Cord Losses
13.4 Fiber Optic Cable Loss Measurement
13.5 Testing Fibers with WDMs
13.6 Optical Return Loss (ORL) Measurement

14 OTDR TEST PROCEDURE

14.1 The OTDR
14.2 Test Equipment
14.3 Typical OTDR Test Method
14.4 Reading OTDR Events
14.5 Determining Event Physical Location
14.6 The OSA

15 FIBER OPTICS INSTALLATION TESTS

15.1 Fiber Optic Cable Tests
15.1.1 Reel Test
15.1.2 Splicing-installation Test
15.1.3 Acceptance Test
15.2 Fiber Acceptance Criteria
15.3 Bit Error Rate Test (BERT)
15.4 Receiver Threshold Test

16 LIGHTWAVE EQUIPMENT

16.1 Optical Modem/Media Converter
16.2 Multiplexer
16.3 Optical Amplifiers
16.4 Optical Regenerator
16.5 Light Sources
16.6 Optical Detection

17 WDMS AND OTHER OPTICAL COMPONENTS

17.1 WDM Specifications to Consider
17.2 WDM Application
17.2.1 Wide Band 1310nm And 1550nm System
17.2.2 Unidirectional WDM System
17.2.3 Bidirectional Narrow Band WDM System
17.3 Optical Couplers
17.4 Optical Switch
17.5 Optical Attenuators
17.6 Optical Isolators

18 SONET/SDH

18.1 SONET Architecture
18.1.1 Linear Architecture
18.1.2 Ring Architecture

19 LAN

19.1 Ethernet/IP over Fiber
19.2 LAN Cable Installation
19.3 10/100 Mbps LAN
19.4 1000 Mbps LAN
19.5 Other LAN Standard Cable Lengths

20 Fiber System Deployment

20.1 Office Environment
20.2 Industrial Plant Installation
20.3 Ethernet
20.4 FDDI

21 MAINTENANCE

21.1 Nonservice-Affecting Maintenance
21.2 Service-Affecting Maintenance

22 REPAIR

23 RECORDS

24 TROUBLESHOOTING

25 DESIGN FUNDAMENTALS

25.1 Single Mode or Multimode Fiber
25.2 Link Optical Budget For Single Mode Or Multimode Fiber
25.3 Multimode Fiber Design
25.4 Single Mode Fiber Design
25.5 Fiber Network Topologies
25.6 Physical Topologies

26 PERSONNEL

27 DARK FIBER LEASING (IRU Agreement)

APPENDICES

APPENDIX A - GLOSSARY of TERMS and ACRONYMS
APPENDIX B - UNITS
APPENDIX C - OPTICAL FIBER COLOR CODES
APPENDIX D - FIBER OPTIC RECORDS
APPENDIX E – RELEVANT STANDARDS AND REFERENCES
APPENDIX F – DWDM 50 GHz CHANNEL SPACING
APPENDIX G – SIGNAL GROUNDING CONDUCTOR SIZE

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1a Fiber Optic Transmission Basics
Figure 1.1b Fiber Optic Transmission Basics
Figure 1.1c Fiber Optic Transmission Basics
Figure 1.2 Two Way Communications
Figure 1.3 Fiber Optics Connecting Central Offices (CO's)
Figure 1.4 Fiber Optic Cable TV Distribution
Figure 1.5 Fiber Optics in a Local Area Network (LAN) Environment
Figure 1.6 Fiber Optics in a Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) Environment
Figure 1.7 Fiber Optics in an Industrial Environment
Figure 2.1 Electromagnetic Spectrum
Figure 2.2 Refraction
Figure 2.3 Reflection
Figure 2.4 Total Reflection
Figure 3.1 Optical Fiber
Figure 3.2 Refraction at an Optical Fiber Air-Fiber Boundary
Figure 3.3 Maximum Coupling Angle
Figure 3.4 Total Internal Reflection
Figure 3.5 Light Propagation in a Step Index Fiber
Figure 3.6 Step Index Multimode Fiber Dispersion
Figure 3.7 Light Propagation in a Graded Index Fiber
Figure 3.8 Light Propagation in a Single Mode Fiber
Figure 3.9 Optical Fiber Operating Wavelengths
Figure 3.10 Signal Dispersion
Figure 3.11 Typical Fiber Dispersion Characteristic
Figure 3.12 NDSF Chromatic Dispersion Characteristic
Figure 3.13 DSF Chromatic Dispersion Characteristic
Figure 3.14 Soliton Optical Signal
Figure 4.1 Loose Tube Cable
Figure 4.2 Fiber Optic Cable Loose Tube
Figure 4.3 Figure 8 Fiber Optic Cable
Figure 4.4 Armored Fiber Optic Cable
Figure 4.5 Fiber Ribbon
Figure 4.6 Central Tube Ribbon Cable
Figure 4.7 Stranded Loose Tube Ribbon Cable
Figure 4.8 Tight-buffered Cable
Figure 4.9 Fiber Optic Cable Tight Buffer
Figure 4.10 Typical Fan-out Cable Application
Figure 4.11 Outside Cable Building Entrance
Figure 7.1 Bending Radius
Figure 8.1 Buried Fiber Optic Cable
Figure 8.2 Cable Grounding At Splice Points
Figure 8.3 Hand Hole Installation
Figure 8.4 Ducts and Innerducts
Figure 8.5 Duct / Innerduct / Conduit Size
Figure 8.6 Underground City Ducting System
Figure 8.7 Typical Duct Wall Configuration And Assignments
Figure 8.8 Reel and Pull Location
Figure 8.9 Underground Duct Cable Pull Setup
Figure 8.10 Fiber Optic Cable Tag
Figure 8.11 Aerial Lashing Setup
Figure 8.12 Expansion Loop
Figure 9.1 Straight -Through Pull Box
Figure 9.2 Corner Pull Box
Figure 9.3 Cable Mesh Grip Hanger
Figure 9.4 Cable Route Example
Figure 11.1 Wall Mounted Splice Enclosure
Figure 11.2 Splice Tray
Figure 11.3 Patch Panel
Figure 11.4 Bulkhead and Adapter
Figure 11.5 Patch Panel Cable Termination
Figure 11.6 Cable Stripping Lengths
Figure 11.7 Optical Fiber Stripping Technique
Figure 11.8 Optical Fiber Cleaning Technique
Figure 11.9 Field - Installable Connector
Figure 11.10 Field - Installable Connector Polishing Setup
Figure 11.11 Pigtail Termination
Figure 11.12 Termination Without Enclosure
Figure 11.13 Splice Enclosure Termination
Figure 11.14 Patch Panel Termination
Figure 12.1 Fiber Optical Patch Cord And Pigtail
Figure 12.2 Common Fiber Optic Connectors
Figure 12.3 Small Form Factor Connectors
Figure 12.4 Connector Cleaning
Figure 13.1 Optical Power Measurement
Figure 13.2 Fiber Optic Loss Example
Figure 13.3 Patch Cord Loss
Figure 13.4 Power Meter Test Configuration
Figure 13.5 Power Meter Measurement Example
Figure 13.6 Power Meter Measurement Example
Figure 13.7 Reference Level Measurement
Figure 13.8 Fiber Link/WDM Loss Using Lightwave Equipment Laser Source
Figure 13.9 Return Loss Test Configuration
Figure 14.1 OTDR Test Configuration
Figure 14.2 Fiber Events
Figure 14.3 Typical OTDR Traces
Figure 14.4. Typical OTDR Traces
Figure 14.5 Fiber Break Location by OTDR
Figure 14.6 Optical Spectrum Analyzer Display of a Fiber with 5 Signals
Figure 15.1. Fiber Optic Reel Test
Figure 15.2. Fiber Optic Splice Loss Test
Figure 15.3. Bit Error Rate Test (BERT)
Figure 15.4. BER Optical Threshold Test
Figure 16.1. Optical Modem Link
Figure 16.2. Expanded Optical Modem Link
Figure 16.3. Multiplexer Link
Figure 16.4. EDFA Optical Amplifier Block Diagram
Figure 16.5 Optical Amplifier in Post, Line, and Pre Amplifier Positions
Figure 16.6 Light Source Spectrum .
Figure 17.1 Simple WDM Configuration
Figure 17.2 Wide Band WDM, Narrow-Band WDM, and DWDM
Figure 17.3 1557nm and 1533nm WDM System
Figure 17.4 Two Fiber Communication System
Figure 17.5 One Fiber Communication System with WDMs
Figure 17.6 One Fiber Used for Transmission for 4 Systems
Figure 17.7 Example of a WDM Channel Specification
Figure 17.8 Unidirectional WDM
Figure 17.9 Bidirectional WDM
Figure 17.10 Universal WDM Configuration
Figure 17.11 Pigtail 4 Channel WDM and a Connectorized 4 Channel WDM
Figure 17.12 One 1310nm Communication System Without WDMs
Figure 17.13 Two Communication Systems Using Wide Band WDMs
Figure 17.14 Wide Band WDMs Cascade with Narrow Band WDMs
Figure 17.15 Unidirectional 4 Channel WDM System
Figure 17.16 Bidirectional 8 Channel DWDM
Figure 17.17 10/90 Tap
Figure 17.18 1 x N Splitter
Figure 17.19 Star Coupler
Figure 17.20 1 x 4 Optical Switch
Figure 17.21 In Line, and Bulkhead Attenuator
Figure 17.22 Proper and Improper Insertion of Attenuators
Figure 18.1 Linear System, With Traffic Flowing From One Terminal To Another .
Figure 18.2 Linear System Using Diverse Fiber Routing
Figure 18.3 A 2 Fiber Sonet Ring With Traffic Being Added At Numerous ADM Locations
Figure 18.4 Two Fiber BLSR Ring
Figure 18.5 OC-48 2 Fiber BLSR Ring
Figure 18.6 Traffic Rerouted Due To Span 1 Failure
Figure 18.7 4 Fiber BLSR Ring
Figure 18.8 Maximum DS3 Traffic For An OC-48 4 Fiber BLSR Ring ADM
Figure 18.9 Span Switch
Figure 18.10 Multiple Span Failures
Figure 18.11 Line Switch
Figure 19.1 Horizontal Cabling
Figure 19.2 Backbone Cabling
Figure 19.3 10 Mbps Lan Cabling Lengths Diagram
Figure 19.4 Gigabit Ethernet Installation using 62.5/125 m m fiber
Figure 20.1. Office Building Installation
Figure 20.2. Rack / Cabinet Layout
Figure 20.3 Remote Plant Installation
Figure 20.4. Industrial Fiber Optic Cabinet Layout
Figure 20.5. Ethernet System
Figure 20.6. FDDI Backbone NetworkFigure
Figure 20.7. Fault In Ring
Figure 22.1. Aerial Fiber Optic Cable Repair
Figure 22.2. Splice Enclosure Mounted on Messenger
Figure 22.3. Splice Enclosure Mounted on Pole
Figure 22.4. Handhole and Splice Enclosure Installation
Figure 25.1. Link Optical Budget
Figure 25.2. Fiber Optic Computer Link Example
Figure 25.3. Fiber Optic Lan Extension
Figure 25.4. Fiber Optic Video Link Example
Figure 25.5. Logical and Physical Topologies
Figure 25.6. Logical Point to Point and Star Topologies
Figure 25.7. Logical Bus and Ring Topologies
Figure 25.8. Logical Bus Topology As A Physical Star
Figure 25.9. Logical Ring Topology As A Physical Star
Figure 25.10 Traffic Rerouting In A Physical Ring Topology

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